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County palatine
A county palatine or palatinate〔"Palatine" is an adjective used in conjunction with the noun county; "Palatinate" is a noun used alone (''Collins English Dictionary'').〕 was an area ruled by a hereditary nobleman possessing special authority and autonomy from the rest of a kingdom or empire. The name derives from the Latin adjective ''palatinus'', "relating to the palace", from the noun ''palatium'', "palace".〔''Collins Dictionary of the English Language'', London, 1986〕〔''Cassell's Latin Dictionary'', ed. Marchant & Charles〕 It thus implies the exercise of a ''quasi''-royal prerogative within a county, that is to say a jurisdiction ruled by an earl, the English equivalent of a count. A duchy palatine is similar but is ruled over by a duke, a nobleman of higher precedence than an earl or count. The nobleman swore allegiance to the king yet had the power to rule the county largely independently of the king. It should therefore be distinguished from the feudal barony, held from the king, which possessed no such independent authority. Rulers of counties palatine did however create their own feudal baronies, to be held directly from them ''in capite'', such as the Barony of Halton.〔Sanders, I.J., ''English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086–1327'', Oxford, 1960. Sanders excludes "Lordships" such as the Barony of Halton which are situated within Counties Palatine from his lists of feudal baronies.〕 County palatine jurisdictions were created in England under the rule of the Norman dynasty. On continental Europe, they have an earlier date. In general, when a palatine-type autonomy was granted to a lord by the sovereign, it was in a district on the periphery of the kingdom, at a time when the district was at risk from disloyal armed insurgents who could retreat beyond the borders and re-enter. For the English sovereign in Norman times this applied to northern England, Wales and Ireland. As the authority granted was hereditary, some counties palatine legally survived well past the end of the feudal period.
==History==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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